Europe

Jonathan Conlin considers the history of heritage panics, from relics to Raphaels.

Bill Rolston describes the impact of an erstwhile slave, who toured the Emerald Isle speaking out against slavery in 1845.

Daniel Snowman meets the historian of the Russian Revolution and of Russian culture.

Jeremy Black warns against a simplistic characterisation of a complex and diverse period.

Ian Thatcher argues that surface similarities between the regimes of Hitler and Stalin disguise deep-seated differences.

The editor, Robert Pearce, has kept the best reference books for himself.

Simon Lemieux examines the hard facts about the Inquisition and counters the common caricature.

F.G. Stapleton examines the momentous social and political consequences of Germany's spectacular economic growth.

The illegitimate child of Pope Alexander VI, Cesare Borgia thwarted a plot by his own men on December 31st, 1502.

As Gibraltar conducts a referendum on its future, Martin Murphy shows the degree to which its status was determined by rivalries between the 18th-century Great Powers.