Europe

Colin Jones discusses the art and artifice of the leading mistress of Louis XV.

Graham Darby explains how and why the creation of the Dutch state preceded the existence of Dutch national feeling.

Edgar Feuchtwanger warns against exaggerating the extent or significance of liberalism’s failure in German history.

In Europe Philhellenism – the romantic desire arising from admiration of ancient Greece to further understanding of all things Greek – had its origins in the sixteenth and seventeenth-century.

Cherry Barnett examines Godfrey Kneller's portrait of a young Chinese convert.

Anthony Head describes the ways in which an atrocity has been commemorated, sixty years on.

Richard Pflederer evaluates a vital tool of the age of discovery.

Placing Colbert in the circumstances of his times, Geoffrey Treasure shows that he was much more than an efficient bureaucrat.

Graham Noble illustrates Luther's anti-Jewish views and distinguishes them from those of the Nazis.

The peace treaty that temporarily ended hostilities between France and Britain during the Revolutionary Wars was signed on 25 March 1802.