Europe

Alan Farmer shows how the Republic survived the threat from the Right before the First World War.

Stuart Hood recalls his involvement with the Italian partisans in 1943-44, and is surprised by the way events in which he participated are memorialised.

Pamela Pilbeam looks at the appeal of utopian socialism in early 19th-century France.

Siegfried Beer looks at the links between The Third Man and British intelligence.

Geoffrey Woodward assesses how great an impact the Turks had on sixteenth-century Europe.

Reggie Oliver looks at the links between some of the highest-placed women in Louis XIV's court and some notorious Parisian dealers in drugs, death and the dark arts

Timothy Benson assesses Hitler's irritated reaction to being lampooned by David Low of the Evening Standard.

Richard Vinen shows how events of the last 10 years have forced him to rethink his own assumptions about the past.

Alistair Bonnett identifies the ingredients that produced an 'identity crisis' for white people in the early 20th century. 

Michael Mullett shows how the reform of the Catholic Church in sixteenth-century Europe sprang from medieval origins but that, in important ways, it was affected by the Protestant Reformation.