Europe

The only Englishman ever to be Pope, Nicholas Breakspear was elected on December 4th, 1154.

Richard Wilkinson examines the examiner’s agenda and advises accordingly.

Pauline Croft analyses the causes and traces the consequences of a momentous Treaty.

Philip Pedley sees fateful flaws in a famous agreement.

F.J. Stapleton stresses that we need to apply as well as understand historiography to assess the impact of the Sondwerg Theory on German Kaiserrich Historiography.

Richard Hodges shows how new evidence is leading to a fresh understanding of the role of the Vikings in European history.

The future king was born on 15 September 1904.

Jeremy Black recalls two events, 300 years ago this summer, that heralded the emergence of Britain as a Continental power.

Geoffrey Parker considers the far-reaching consequences of a sudden change of plan by the king of Spain in 1567.

Andrew Chugg pinpoints the Emperor’s long-lost tomb.