Social

Philip Mansel explores the City of the Sultans from 1453 onwards, and finds it characterised by a vibrant multi-culturalism until the Ottoman demise of 1922.

Julian Reed-Purvis examines the origins and consequences of Nazi Euthanasia.

Peter Ling analyses Martin Luther King's involvement with non-violent protest in the USA. 

Paula Bartley reappraises the role of the leader of the Suffragettes.

British reaction to the French tragedy at sea immortalised in Géricault’s masterpiece The Raft of the Medusa.

F.G. Stapleton examines the momentous social and political consequences of Germany's spectacular economic growth.

The essay entitled 'How important was the press in the desacralisation of the French monarchy in 1789?', by Olivia Grant of St Paul's Girls' School, was awarded the Julia Wood Prize out of 136 entries. An edited version appears below; a second award was made to Richard Eschwege of City of London School for an essay on Pope Gregory VII.

Graham Noble investigates the causes of the rise and fall of French Protestantism.

John Stuart Mill saw the enfranchisement of women as 'the most important of all political movements' on the road to the equality of the sexes.

Keith M. Brown on the Scottish nobility in the early modern period.