Spain

A major battle in the Peninsular War took place on 16 May 1811.

The death-obsessed and inward-looking Aztec civilisation sowed the seeds of its own destruction, argues Tim Stanley.

Hugh Thomas tells Paul Lay about his unparalleled research into the lives of the extraordinary generation of men who conquered the New World for Golden Age Spain.

Court fashion, a love of birdsong and the pressures of being a king are some of the subjects discussed in letters between Philip II of Spain and his teenage daughters. Janet Ravenscroft explores the human side of one of Europe’s most powerful Renaissance monarchs.

An overview of the historiography on the decline of Spain in the seventeenth century.

Patrick Williams provides us with the results of the latest research on the Armada

The expulsion in 1609 of more than 300,000 Spanish Moriscos – Muslim converts to Christianity – was a brutal attempt to create a homogenous state.

Nick Pelling suggests that credit should go not to the Netherlands but much further south to Catalonia.

The last 150 years have seen a chequered but eventually triumphant reintegration of Jews into a society whose heritage they helped to mould, says C.C. Aronsfeld

Julius Ruiz evaluates Franco’s role during the conflict.