Birth of Umberto II of Italy
The future king was born on 15 September 1904.
Italy
The Death of Roger II of Sicily
The King of Sicily died on February 26th, 1154.
The Treaty of Lyons
France ceded Naples to Spain on January 31st, 1504.
Why Renaissance? Why Florence?
Jon Cook identifies the mix of factors that helps explain the Florentine Renaissance.
Felice Orsini: Striking a Blow for Freedom?
The consequences of Felice Orsini’s assassination attempt on Napoleon III were momentous and paradoxical.
Turner and Venice
Peter Furtado previews a new exhibition devoted to J.M.W. Turner’s visits to the historic city in the first half of the 19th century.
Pius X Elected Pope
Richard Cavendish explores the papacy of Pius X, who was elected on August 4th, 1903.
The Battle of Civitate
Richard Cavendish describes the Battle of Civitate, fought by the Normans and a papal coalition on June 18th, 1053.
Nation-Building in Nineteenth Century Italy
Christopher Duggan recalls the contribution of a forgotten Italian statesman - Francesco Crispi.
Liberal Italy: The Midwife of Fascism or a Much-Maligned State?
F.G. Stapleton defends the record of Italian governments from 1861 to 1914.