Religion

Simon Lemieux examines the hard facts about the Inquisition and counters the common caricature.

Pope Boniface VIII issued the papal bull Unam Sanctam, the most famous papal document of the Middle Ages, on November 18th, 1302.

David Crouch reconsiders William I and his sons as men of genuine piety – as well as soldiers.

Graham Noble investigates the causes of the rise and fall of French Protestantism.

Roger Boase looks at a Spanish example of religious and ethnic cleansing.

Graham Noble illustrates Luther's anti-Jewish views and distinguishes them from those of the Nazis.

Ian Mabbett considers how Buddhism, while preaching the rejection of society, simultaneously became a popular religion.

Francis Murphy challenges the idea that science was religion’s foremost enemy, in this winning essay in the 2001 Julia Wood Award.

F.G. Stapleton defends the record of Italian governments from 1861 to 1914.

Christine Lalumia sees the 1840s as the key moment in the creation of the modern celebration of Christmas.