The Folly of ‘Unconditional Surrender’
Was the call for the ‘unconditional surrender’ of Germany, Italy, and Japan the most ruinous Allied policy of the Second World War?
Military
From Non-Aggression Treaty to War: Documenting Nazi-Soviet Relations 1939-41
Geoffrey Roberts explains the fateful sequence of events from the Nazi-Soviet Pact to Hitler's invasion of the USSR.
Fighting the Afghans in the 19th Century
Bruce Collins considers the mixture of adventurism, disaster, and lethal reprisal that marked British activities in Afghanistan under Victoria
The C.I.A. Con-Trick
Rhodri Jeffreys-Jones explains the historical roots of the arguments surrounding the CIA following their failure to anticipate the attacks of September 11th.
Spanish Civil War
Paul Preston looks at the continued interest in the 1930s conflict, the subject of a new exhibition at the Imperial War Museum.
An Economy Geared to War
Richard Overy argues that the lesson Hitler Drew from 1914-18 was not that a major war should be avoided, but that Germany should prepare more systematically so that, next time, she would win.
The Thirty Years' War
Graham Darby examines the nature and effects of the war that dominated the first half of the 17th century.
Robert of Normandy Invades England
Robert Curthose invaded England on July 21st, 1101.
Barbarossa June 1941: Who Attacked Whom?
John Erickson reviews the recent controversies surrounding Hitler's invasion of the Soviet Union.
The Battle of Copenhagen
Richard Cavendish marks the anniversary of an important Scandinavian battle, which took place on April 2nd, 1801.