Ottoman Empire

The Hungarian city successfully repelled Sultan Mehmet II's army on July 22nd, 1456.

The final moments of Byzantine control of the imperial capital.

Robert Johnson puts the decline of a once-great Empire into an international context.

Matthew Stewart traces the roots of the Greco-Turkish war of 1921-22, and the consequent refugee crisis, to the postwar settlements of 1919-20.

The events leading up to Britain and France's declarations of war on Russia on successive days on 27 and 28 March 1854.

Philip Mansel explores the City of the Sultans from 1453 onwards, and finds it characterised by a vibrant multi-culturalism until the Ottoman demise of 1922.

Geoffrey Woodward assesses how great an impact the Turks had on sixteenth-century Europe.

Rhoads Murphey helps us to distinguish between the legendary and the real in the legacy of a great empire-builder.

Philip Mansel looks at interchange and intrigue in the cross-currents of 18th-century culture between East and West.

Iain Fenlon explores how Catholic Europe's great 16th-century sea victory over the Turk was celebrated and propagandised.