Medieval

Richard Fletcher asks to what extent medieval Christians and Muslims sought to move beyond mutual hostility.

O.H. Creighton examines the many and varied reasons behind the siting of Norman castles, and considers their decisive effect on the cultural landscape of Britain.

Jeremy Black warns against a simplistic characterisation of a complex and diverse period.

Maurice Keen looks at the significance of female lines of descent in heraldic arms, and what this tells us about women of noble and gentle birth in medieval England.

Borrowing the money to hire 3,000 mercenaries, Henry crossed the Channel in a howling gale on 6 January 1153.

Bernard Hamilton unravels the complex tale of the spread of the Christian faith and its competing hierarchies.

King Æthelred ordered the massacre of Danes in England on November 13th, 1002.

Pope Boniface VIII issued the papal bull Unam Sanctam, the most famous papal document of the Middle Ages, on November 18th, 1302.

Was Bruce as patriotic or as harmonious in his relationship with Wallace as the view of historical romance has handed down? Andrew Fisher investigates the meaning of patriotism in 14th-century Scotland and suggests the tradition needs revising.

David Crouch reconsiders William I and his sons as men of genuine piety – as well as soldiers.