Medieval

King Æthelred ordered the massacre of Danes in England on November 13th, 1002.

Pope Boniface VIII issued the papal bull Unam Sanctam, the most famous papal document of the Middle Ages, on November 18th, 1302.

Was Bruce as patriotic or as harmonious in his relationship with Wallace as the view of historical romance has handed down? Andrew Fisher investigates the meaning of patriotism in 14th-century Scotland and suggests the tradition needs revising.

David Crouch reconsiders William I and his sons as men of genuine piety – as well as soldiers.

Jonathan Hughes looks at the significance, in alchemical terms, of this reign, and what the King himself made of alchemical prophecy.

Craig Clunas considers what we can learn of the society of Ming China by looking at how paintings were used as gifts.

Though the European single currency may seem modern, its roots go back to the 9th-century Christiana religio coins of Louis the Pious.

Patrick Nold samples a new volume on all facets of the medieval world.

Richard Pflederer evaluates a vital tool of the age of discovery.

Jane Geddes investigates the remarkable ironwork of the gates of the tomb of Edward IV, and considers what they can tell us about 15th-century craft and culture.