Medieval

The only Englishman ever to be Pope, Nicholas Breakspear was elected on December 4th, 1154.

Nicholas Vincent celebrates the founder of the Plantagenet dynasty.

David Harrison considers one of the greatest but most underrated achievements of the medieval world: the hundreds of bridges that defined the British communication system up to the 19th century.

Glenn Richardson looks at almost nine hundred years of enmity, jealousy and mutual fascination, a hundred years after the Entente Cordiale.

The self-styled tribune of the Roman Republic, Cola di Rienzo, was murdered by an angry mob, on October 8th, 1354.

Louis IV died in his early thirties on September 10th, 954, as a result of a fall from his horse.

Tristram Hunt finds inspiration for his study of civic consciousness in Tuscany and the lecture halls of Cambridge.

Andrew Petersen uncovers the city that was once the Palestinian capital and suggests reasons for its decline in the 11th century.

The Duke of Burgundy, named 'bold' for his bravery at the age of 14 in the Battle of Poitiers, died on April 27th, 1404.