France

Napoleon Bonaparte took power in France on November 9th/10th 1799, but how did his rise overthrow the revolution?

The Paris Commune of 1871, which ended with the most ferocious outbreak of civil violence in 19th century Europe, is still a subject of intense historical interest and controversy.

The wrongly-convicted French officer was pardoned on September 19th, 1899.

David Chandler tells how Napoleon’s first battle with the British saved the vital port of Toulon – and opened the door to a glittering military career.

Michael Broers describes Napoleon’s efficient police-state and shows how the system became a model for rulers throughout Europe.

Douglas Johnson reconsiders the circumstances in which de Gaulle relinquished his position as President of France and his mythic legacy in French history.

Stewart MacDonald asks a key question of the wars which dominated the history of Europe in the First half of the Sixteenth Century.

Prince Louis Napoleon was forty when he won the election for the French presidency on December 10th, 1848.

To mark the quincentenary of Louis Xll's accession in 1498, Glenn Richardson examines the French king's reign and suggests significant points of comparison with Henry Vll of England.

Richard Vinen questions whether the recently convicted Maurice Papon was charged with the correct crime.