France

Richard Wilkinson examines the examiner’s agenda and advises accordingly.

Philip Pedley sees fateful flaws in a famous agreement.

Louis XVI was born on August 23rd, 1754, in the palace of Versailles.

Richard Cavendish describes the French defeat in Indochina, on May 7th, 1954.

Richard Wilkinson exposes prejudice and myth in assessing the career of a key figure in modern French history.

The events leading up to Britain and France's declarations of war on Russia on successive days on 27 and 28 March 1854.

France ceded Naples to Spain on January 31st, 1504.

Retha Warnicke examines the tumultuous career of Mary, Queen of Scots, before her long incarceration by her cousin Elizabeth I of England.

The consequences of Felice Orsini’s assassination attempt on Napoleon III were momentous and paradoxical.

John Cookson asks what might have happened had Napoleon actually landed on British soil in 1803-5.