Europe

During the campaign of 1815, writes Michael Glover, Wellington was handicapped by a shortage of military maps.

Gilbert John Millar introduces Christians from the Ottoman Empire who served in European armies.

J.S. Curtis charts the development of stringed keyboard instruments from the virginal and spinet, to the ‘forte-piano’.

Arnold spent some thirty-five years as an inspector of schools, in Europe as well as in England. David Hopkinson describes how the Victorian poet hoped education would humanize pupils and weaken the prejudices of nation and class.

Nicholas Henshall examines the politics of aristocratic culture in Europe between 1650 and 1750.

David Chandler describes how visiting old battlefields has become a holiday attraction for many tourists besides old soldiers.

Margaret Wade Labarge profiles the fifteenth-century Flemish Ambassador and pilgrim.

Aram Bakshian, Jnr discusses how two contrasting monarchs both devoted their reigns to soldiering and the oversight of government.

‘Unwearied in the office of friendship’, all his life Crabb Robinson was devoted to men of genius and faithfully recorded their behaviour, as Joanna Richardson here discusses.

The arrival in 1833 of a Russian fleet signalled Russian control for several years of the Bosporus and of the Turkish Empire, writes Lansing Collins.