Europe

J.B. Donnelly looks at the many pictures carried off from Vienna by the victorious Italians, including the magnificent Madonna of the Orange Grove by Cima da Conegliano.

Christopher Fyfe looks at how, in 1975 the Cape Verde Island gained their independence from the Portuguese after five hundred years of colonial administration that left them one of the poorest states in the world.

Thomas Gretton presents a special review of the impact of the 19th century French satirical artist.

Mysterious, exotic, colourful.... this was the view of their colonies that the 1900 Paris Fair presented to the French. William Schneider argues that this image was to persist and hamper an understanding of colonial development.

James Marshall-Cornwall explores how, in the Middle Ages, devout pilgrims journeyed to Santiago de Compostela in the belief that they were paying homage at the tomb of Spain's patron saint.

Geoffrey Parker concludes our two-part feature on Europe's witch-craze.

David G. Chandler discusses the logistics of Military History.

'A trifle... a thing of no value... a bauble' or an educational aid, the gift-wrapping of a social morality? Toys mirror a culture, argues John Brewer - for society's attitude towards play reflects its conception of the role of childhood.

The loss to the Turks of Constantinople, the ancient capital of the Eastern Empire, in 1453 had been a terrible blow to Christendom. It was the crusading dream of Charles V, argues Sinclair Atkins, to reconquer the Byzantine city.

David Nicholls examines the central position of Satan in early modern French popular culture.