Europe

How important was the man to the movement? Andrew Pettegree asks what would have happened to the Reformation had the Diet of Worms witnessed its leader’s martyrdom.

The role of British architects in 19th century Russia: Jeremy Howard and Sergei Kuznetsov reveal how the pleasantest sight that some of Dr Johnson's Scotsmen saw was not the high road to England but the sea passage to Russia, where they found fame and fortune making a key contribution to urban remodelling and architecture.

John Cummins uses the 400th anniversary of Sir Francis Drake's death to reassess the man, his life and the legends surrounding him.

Mack Holt argues that the early-modern obsession with tradition was sometimes a deliberate smokescreen for innovation.

Pierre Sorlin considers Visconti's treatment of the 19th-century Italian nobility caught up in the Risorgimento

Richard Wilkinson wonders why historians have accepted the Cardinal's extravagant assessment of himself.

Omer Bartov asks how the armies of lords and kings became the forces of peoples and nations.

Iain Fenlon explores how Catholic Europe's great 16th-century sea victory over the Turk was celebrated and propagandised.

Lois Banner looks at coded messages of gender, sexuality and domination that preceded baggy trousers.

Richard Cavendish goes behind bars at the Beaumaris Gaol and Courthouse, Anglesey