Communism

The International Brigades in Spain

In the autumn of 1936, on Communist inspiration, a shock force was internationally recruited to assist the Republican Army in the Spanish Civil War. Where did the Brigades come from and why? By Hugh Thomas.

Boris V. Savinkov, 1879-1925: Revolutionary and Anti-Bolshevik

Before the triumph of Bolshevism, and even afterwards, many revolutionary leaders struggled to take charge of Russian destinies. David Footman describes how Savinkov was one of the extraordinary personalities who tried, and failed.

Lenin in London

Lionel Kochan describes how two of the most important of Russian Revolutionary Conferences were held in Edwardian London.

The Spanish Blue Division

For nearly three years, 45,000 Spanish soldiers served under German command on the Russian front. By Gerald R. Kleinfeld and Lewis A. Tambs.

The Paris Peace Conference, Part II

Norman Bentwich analyses the diplomatic battle between the Soviet Union and the Western Powers that gradually came into the open in Paris in 1946, and foreshadowed the Cold War.

The Birth of Romania: Fact and Fiction

At a time when a Communist government is trying to destroy all links between Romania and the West, Radu R. Florescu surveys the facts and legends about his country's past.

The Unnecessary War: the Greek Civil War 1946-1949

Geoffrey Chandler analyses the complex pattern of reasons why Greece became the arena where the first violent post-war trial of strength took place between Communism and the West.

China in the Twentieth Century: Nationalism and Revolution

Richard Harris describes the various forces of change at play in China's tumultuous first half century.

Saint-Simon: A Nineteenth Century Prophet

F.M.H. Markham profiles Claude Henri de Rouvroy, comte de Saint-Simon, the French political theorist and early advocate for a centralised, technocratic society.