Poland

Despite Britain’s commitment to appeasement, the 1939 Agreement of Mutual Assistance with Poland led London into the Second World War. What changed?

The elaborate funeral portraits of Poland's 17th-century nobility are a window on their self-image and lifestyle, as Bozena Grabowska discusses here. (Translated from the Polish by George Lambor).

The first modern constitution in Europe? On the occasion of its bicentenary, Robert Frost looks at the background to a landmark in Polish history which, though it triggered the final disaster of partition by the country's greedy neighbours, was a work of enlightened reform, not revolution. 

Michael Burleigh investigates how academia was pressed into service to legitimise Nazi imperialism in the conquered East.

Norman Davis explains how Poland's geography has been the villain of her history.