Poland

George Woodcock introduces the great rival of Marx and the founder of organised anarchism.

Tadeusz Stachowski writes that it was not so much the material loss suffered at Ostrolenka, as the moral defeat, that broke the spirit of the Polish opposition.

Tadeusz Stachowski explains how revolutionary aspirations of the 1830s travelled east in Europe and precipitated a war between the Tsarist Empire and its province, the Kingdom of Poland.¹

The eighteenth-century partitions and nineteenth-century uprisings worsened the livelihood of Jews in Poland, writes Adam Zamoyski.

By the eighteenth century, writes Adam Zamoyski, four fifths of the world's Jews lived in Poland.

Paul Lay recounts a trip to the site of Treblinka.

The mass breakout from Sobibór death camp in October 1943 has been largely forgotten. What happened?

In 1573 Catherine de’ Medici successfully campaigned for her third son, Henri, Duke of Anjou, to be elected to the throne of Poland. Robert J. Knecht tells the story of his brief, dramatic reign.

Richard Cavendish remembers the birth of the pianist who was also briefly prime minister of Poland, on 18 November 1860.

Kathryn Hadley joins a group of schoolteachers and police officers in an innovative project that seeks ways to better understand the Holocaust.