Germany

On 24 October 1648, the Treaty of Westphalia was signed, marking the end of the Thirty Years' War.

Peter Monteach comments on German historian Christian Gerlach's study of Adolf Hitler's announcement of his "decision in principle" to murder all of Europe's Jews on Dec 12, 1941.

Controversy has raged about Hitler's military and economic preparations for war. Did he intend a world war or a series of short conflicts? Richard Overy argues that Hitler drew the lesson from 1914-18 not that a major war should be avoided but that Germany should prepare more systematically so that, this time, she would win.

The first chancellor of the German Empire died on July 30th, 1898, aged 83.

Milton Goldin explores Himmler’s ambitions to establish the SS as a ‘state within a state’, and highlights schemes the Nazis devised to finance the organisation through industrial enterprise and plundered Jewish assets.

How Napoleon laid up trouble for future generations of Frenchmen by kick-starting Prussian and German domination of Eastern Europe.

Bruce Waller looks at recent debate about modern Germany's greatest statesman.

Janet L. Nelson looks at the history of this church in the small town in the North-Rhine Westfalia region of western Germany.

Gareth Affleck identifies the points to discuss.

Richard Wilkinson challenges the consensus of contempt for the Nazis' leading diplomat.