Germany

The Munich Conference

The agreement permitting Germany’s annexation of the Sudetenland was signed on 29 September 1938.

Social Outcasts in Nazi Germany

An obsession with Aryanism and eugenic theory was the catalyst for Nazi policies of repression and extermination against gypsies and other ‘asocials’ – the forgotten victims of the Third Reich.

Germany's Convict Exports

Richard Evans tells the little-known story of how 19th-century Germany attempted to solve its prison problems by secretly sending felons to the United States as immigrants.

French Appeasement

Andrew Boxer considers explanations for France’s disastrous foreign policy between the wars.

A Song for Hitler

Why is the sordid murder of Horst Wessel, a young Nazi storm troop leader in Berlin in early 1930, so important? Nigel Jones recalls his death and the black legend that sprang from it.

Otto von Bismarck and the German Right

After he fell from power, Bismarck became a mythical hero figure of the right. The legend of the ‘Iron Chancellor’ was wielded by militarists, conservatives, and eventually, Adolf Hitler.