Africa

Martin Evans introduces a new series on the painful past.

The taking of Kano by the West African Frontier Force, on February 3rd 1903, signalled the end of the Muslim fundamentalist Fulani empire in northern Nigeria.

Andrew Ross reconsiders the reputation – both contemporary and historical – of the Scottish missionary and explorer.

Angela V. John looks at the uncomfortably long and close links between slavery and the cocoa trade.

Sebastian Balfour recalls the use and effects of chemical warfare during, and after, the early decades of the twentieth century.

'Frankly I am ashamed of being a Briton for the treatment we have meted out to the Boers as revealed by you and so justly condemned in your pages’ - John Burns to W. T. Stead.

Richard Reid demonstrates that the West’s perceptions about warfare in the history of Africa have not changed much over the centuries.

The explorer of West Africa died in Cape Town on June 3rd, 1900.

The grim reality underlying Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness echoed the growing moral outrage over the murderous rubber trade. For Roger Casement, it became a moral crusade.