Volume 74 Issue 9 September 2024

An Ottoman Winter in Toulon

The unholy alliance between France and the Ottoman Empire in 1530 caused great concern but had little military success.

Gustav Vasa: The Father of Modern Sweden?

A bloody massacre in Stockholm’s city square set Sweden on a course for independence under the leadership of Gustav I Vasa. A master of the ethos of 16th-century monarchy, his legacy is complicated.

Putting Mothers on Death Row

US law requires a stay of execution for pregnant women on death row. In practice, however, this once only applied to mothers considered ‘good enough’.

Edward VII’s Forgotten Colonial Conflicts

The Edwardian era is often seen as a peaceful interlude between the violence of Victorian expansion and the First World War. In reality, Edward’s reign bore witness to dozens of conflicts across the Empire.