Interwar period

Tim Grady explores life for the teachers and students in a Bavarian university in the 1920s and 1930s.

Sebastian Balfour recalls the use and effects of chemical warfare during, and after, the early decades of the twentieth century.

Mark Rathbone identifies the missing ingredients that prevented Liberal revival.

Richard Overy argues that the lesson Hitler Drew from 1914-18 was not that a major war should be avoided, but that Germany should prepare more systematically so that, next time, she would win.

Jason Tomes looks at the reign of King Zog.

David Dutton analyses Austen Chamberlain's impact on British foreign policy, and European affairs, between the wars.

Peter Clements assesses why two nations which seemingly had so much in common at the beginning of the 1930s were at war with each other by the end of the decade.

Edgar Feuchtwanger examines the controversial issue of change and continuity in the foreign policies of the Weimar Republic and Nazi Germany.

1930s Shanghai was notoriously populated by characters of dubious political and moral allegiances. Bernard Wasserstein shows how the Japanese used their contacts among the city’s low-life to assist in their invasion and occupation.