England

Richard Hodges says the rubbish tips of Anglo-Saxon London and Southampton contain intriguing evidence of England’s first businessmen.

Graham Goodlad surveys the variety of interpretations offered by historians of Cromwellian rule in the 1650s.

Will Saunders asks whether one of the ‘villains’ of the English Reformation deserves his reputation.

Christine Riding looks at William Hogarth’s particular view of the street life of 18th-century London, and at what his interpretation presents in comparison with the artistic offerings of his Continental competitors.

R. E. Foster surveys the changing interpretations and introduces the key facts.

Richard Cavendish marks the anniversary of King James I's creation and proclamation of a union flag, on April 12th, 1606.

The great Victorian engineer was born on 9th April, 1806.

R. E. Foster reconsiders the origins of the Church Settlement of 1559.

Richard Cavendish marks the founding of a famous Victorian penitentiary, on March 20th, 1806.

Judith Richards pinpoints the debts of Elizabeth I to her older half-sister.