Africa

Portugal's colonial empire was, at the C.R. Boxer wrote this article in 1956, the oldest in the world, with Mozambique as its most prosperous possession.

In Rwanda, Hutu turned on Tutsi and a genocide lasting 100 days began, an episode of intense violence many thought impossible in the late 20th century.

The River Nile and a thirst for commerce and land led the armies of Rome deep into Africa. Raoul McLaughlin investigates.

In the days of European Imperialism, writes Alastair Hirst, a notable Scotsman played a large part in the history of Morocco.

Throughout the nineteenth century, and well into the twentieth, writes Robert G. Weisbord, the idea of a return to Africa stirred the imagination of Negro leaders in the United States.

French expansion, writes Michael Langley, in North and West Africa during the nineteenth century was an impressive colonial achievement.

Patricia Wright describes how the French arrival upon the Upper Nile caused an international crisis.

P.M. Holt depicts 'an organized revolutionary movement... resulting in the establishment of a territorial Islamic state'.

For forty years, ruler of an alien country, Mohammed Ali attempted a revolution from which Egypt might have emerged into the twentieth century “as a small-scale Japan.”  

Michael Langley describes how missionary endeavour, the ambition of Cecil Rhodes and the technology of mining engineers combined to create the background of modern Zambia.