Volume 73 Issue 4 April 2023

o4ɑȝ/: cipher used between Mary, Queen of Scots and Guillaume de l’Aubéspine, Mauvissière’s replacement as ambassador, late 16th century.

Codes and Crowns

Fifty encrypted letters sent by Mary, Queen of Scots have recently been deciphered. What have we learnt?

mosaic depicting the Flood, Basilica di San Marco, Venice, 13th century.

No Edens

A level-headed chronicle of the varied impact of climate on our history.