Feature Violent Ends Early modern methods of execution were carefully calculated to inflict shame upon the condemned. Una McIlvenna | Published in History Today Volume 72 Issue 8 August 2022 To continue reading this article you need to purchase a subscription, available from only £5. Start my trial subscription now If you have already purchased access, or are a print & archive subscriber, please ensure you are logged in. Please email digital@historytoday.com if you have any problems.